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Molecule	Thymosin Alpha-1	Thymalin
Research Topic	Longevity / Aging Research	Longevity / Aging Research
Pharmacology	Synthetic N-terminal acetylated 28-amino-acid immunomodulatory peptide	Prescription bovine thymus-extract peptide complex registered in Russia; immunostimulant research and clinical use are jurisdiction-specific
PrimeCore Class	Class AApproved in a bounded context	Class AApproved in a bounded context
Evidence Grade	Grade BStrong controlled human evidence	Grade CEarly human evidence
Evidence boundary	A synthetic immunomodulatory peptide with jurisdiction-specific medicine status and indication-bounded clinical evidence.	A thymus-extract peptide complex with country-specific product history; it should not be treated as a single defined peptide.
Unknowns	which biomarker-defined subgroups, if any, derive clinically meaningful benefit comparative benefit against current standard-of-care therapies for each indication long-term safety in autoimmune, transplant and oncology populations equivalence of free base, acetate and marketed/compounded formulations quality and immunogenicity of product-specific compounded preparations current Thai marketing-authorisation status	complete active-component profile and batch-to-batch comparability across manufacturers modern comparative effectiveness for each labeled indication long-term immune, autoimmune, oncologic and reproductive safety whether historical study preparations match the current registered Russian product independent confirmation of mortality and anti-aging claims current marketing-authorisation status in Thailand, EU and UK
Limitations	The evidence spans different indications, eras, background therapies, formulations and jurisdictions. Many positive studies are small, single-blind, observational or use outdated comparators. The most rigorous recent sepsis trial was negative. FDA found insufficient effectiveness across the nominated compounding uses and substantial product-characterization and safety gaps; foreign approval cannot be generalized beyond its label.	Approval, formulation and indication are jurisdiction-specific. Most human publications are old, Russian-language or insufficiently described by modern CONSORT standards; many add Thymalin to background therapy and emphasize biomarkers. The long-term gerontology report includes multiple preparations and broad outcomes with limited methodological detail. Evidence for one bovine extract cannot be transferred to another product or to Thymosin Alpha-1.
Sources	https://medicinali.aifa.gov.it/it/#/it/dettaglio/0000022315 https://www.drugoffice.gov.hk/eps/drug/productDetail2/en/consumer/155704 https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/resources/UploadCDSCOWeb/2018/UploadCommitteeFiles/Recommendations%20Antimicrobial%20%26%20Antiviral%20dated%2009.05.2024.pdf https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/resources/UploadCDSCOWeb/2018/UploadApprovalMarketingFDC/sndapprovjuly.pdf https://www.fda.gov/media/183820/download https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39814420/ https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02867267 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23327199/ https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00711620 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40969554/ https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/world-anti-doping-program/prohibited-list https://products.mhra.gov.uk/	https://lk.regmed.ru/Register/EAEU_SmPC https://register.ndda.kz/ https://www.vidal.ru/drugs/thymalin__23838 https://www.lsgeotar.ru/drugs/thymalin-ABm6 https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/us-chem-labs-669074-02072024 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2741122/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14523363/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33575961/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2382426/ https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/world-anti-doping-program/prohibited-list https://products.mhra.gov.uk/
Read more	Read English overview Complete evidence profile (Thai)	Read English overview Complete evidence profile (Thai)

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Missing fields mean information is unavailable in the current structured dataset, not that a molecule has no risks or uncertainties. English translations retain the original evidence boundaries. Where translation is not yet verified, the original Thai excerpts remain available under an explicit label. Sources retain their original language.

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